[Mt-list] The Future of Human Languages and the Possibility of a World
Government (2008 - 2050)=E2=80=8F
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/********************Article ID: YZYREP-language-future-n-world-
government.enChinese Article ID: YZYREP-language-future-n-world-
government.zhTitle: The Future of Human Languages and the Possibility
of a World Government (2008 - 2050)Chinese Title:
=E4=BA=BA=E7=B1=BB=E8=AF=
=AD=E8=A8=80=E7=9A=84=E6=9C=AA=E6=9D=A5=E5=8F=8A=E4=B8=96=E7=95=8C=E6=94=BF=
=E5=BA=9C=E4=B9=8B=E5=8F=AF=E8=83=BD
(2008 - 2050)This copy's version: v0000(The author believes that it
can be a good methodology to "organically grow" a creation such as an
article, a software program, a company or even a Roman Empire, i.e.
the first version can be a minimalist expression of the idea which is
so simple that it can immediately be made (even if it's just a
technology demo), and each subsequent version enhances and revises
that creation, and upon the completion of every version we should
immediately go into a "Profit!" process (a profit can even be the
presentation of a demo to the academia). To see all versions, Google
for the Article IDor visit (can subscribe via email/RSS):http://
groups.google.com/group/yzy-organic-writings-enhttp://
groups.google.com/group/yzy-organic-writings-zh (Chinese) Send your
comments to Yao Ziyuan: yaoziyuan@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
About the author: Yao
Ziyuan, born 1984 in China, was once a good kid and a "good" student.
In Grade 5 he won a First Prize in a regional student programming
contest of Jiangsu Province (NOIP 1996); in the third year of middle
school he won the 33rd place in China's National Olympiad in
Informatics (NOI 2000). Since high school, he rejected and escaped all
classes, homework, exams or other school activities except afternoon
free-play-on-the-playground classes; instead, he developed and started
to sell a couple of shareware programs on the Internet and gained
economic independence and strength. In the second year of high school
he was again allowed to compete in programming contests and finally
won the 21st place in NOI 2002. Therefore he was admitted to Fudan
University (China's third best and southern China's best university by
government sponsor****p and public opinion) for a computer science
major. He escaped everything in college again after a week, finding
classes are no!t useful and even harmful for his lifestyle. And he
instead conducted his own research in a rented apartment near campus,
mostly problems related to natural language, logging his research
notes onto the newsgroup list.linguist which is archived by Google
Groups, under the accounts sup****t@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
and yaoziyuan@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
He also went to the
student residential park for a play, on a daily basis. After two years
and a half, he was formally expelled due to too many class absences,
and continued his research at home till now (March 2008). Today, he
publishes some of his major research achievements to the world in a
series of "Yao Ziyuan Re****ts" and starts to develop them into
software. Yao Ziyuan thinks these areas have room for further research
or development: computer-aided development (such as writing and
software engineering), computer-aided problem solving (such as
research in natural and social sciences), natural science itself, and
democracy!in China and the whole world.********************/ The
Future of Human Languages and the Possibility of a World Government
(2008 - 2050) Executive
Summary=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3DResearchers and
practitioners in natural language processing and machine translation
should take note of several im****tant ideas which will impact and
reshape the field significantly. These ideas include: * "Automatic
code-switching" (ACS) can enable people to learn a foreign language
very effortlessly and very efficiently. Imagine this scenario: A
Chinese person is reading a Chinese web page in his Web browser. The
Web browser has a plugin (or "extension", in Firefox terminology) that
automatically selects a small number of Chinese words from the Chinese
Web page and annotates, or even replaces, them with their English
equivalents, as soon as the Web page is loaded into the browser. This
way, the Chinese person can naturally acquire English vocabulary (and
in fact this method can teach grammar and other linguistic knowledge
too, and machine translation experts should be able to see the
underpinning know-hows here). The general idea of rewriting ****tions
of a native language text in a foreign language for teaching this
foreign language was first proposed by American anthropologist and
linguist Robbins Burling in the 1960s, who dubbed it "diglot reader/
diglot weave" and was in!spired by a "Learning Chinese" book series
published by Yale University Press, where new chinese characters are
gradually replacing Romanized Chinese in a text. There are academic
literature discussing and commercial products (e.g. www.power-glide.com)
commercializing this method but I am probably the first to both
independently rediscover this method (twice, as recorded in an Oct
2004 and a Apr 2007 post at the newsgroup list.linguist) and
instinctly assume that it is possible to be adapted to an automatic
code-switching software program (like the browser plugin scenario
above). I have solved problems associated with the automati adaption
attempt and recorded them on the newsgroup list.linguist since the two
times of discovery. [More details will be available in future versions
of this article.] * A "user-input-driven syntax aid" and a "user-input-
driven ontology viewer" can enable people to write in a foreign
language with correct word-specific syntax and with the right terms
for the current context. These two tools for foreign language writing
can also be applied to "intermediary language writing" where the user
uses his native vocabulary but a formal grammar similar to that of
programming languages (See: Universal Networking Language). [More
details will be available in future versions of this article.] * Full-
automatic high-quality machine translation might be a wrong question
asked at a wrong time and given a wrong priority. Maybe the right
question is "With the uncertainties caused by syntactic and semantic
ambiguities unresolved, how best can we *present* information of a
foreign language text to a reader who doesn't know that foreign
language". Let's analogize the information in a foreign language text
where there are unresolved ambiguities to an image where there are
some unrecoverable small holes. By default we want the user able to
perceive the "gist" of the image in a comfortable manner. One way is
to "zoom out" the image, to an extent that the small holes shrink to
individual pixels or even sub-pixels or even invisible, while the
thumbview of the image is still a well-perceivable image. This
actually corresponds to the "abstraction" approach of getting an
abstract semantic representation of a text in the field of automatic
text summarization. Another way is not to!try to zoom out, but to
"fuzzify" the holes, so that the user can still perceive a rough-less
image. How do we "fuzzify" an ambiguity in machine translation? We can
express the ambiguity in a vague manner in the target language, EVEN
IF THE LOSS OF INFORMATION SEEMS UNACCEPTABLE IN STANDARD MACHINE
TRANSLATION DOCTRINE. For example, suppose there is an English
sentence "I am going to that bank." and suppose the computer can't
confidently disambiguate "bank" anyway, and suppose "bank" could be
"riverside" or "financial institution", our fuzzification would be to
find as much information as can be ascertained, i.e. at least we can
assure it is a "place" whether it be a riverside or a financial
institution. Some people may argue that this "find a most specific
common hypernym" procedure already exists in the treatment of
ambiguity between close enough polysemous senses, but my point here is
that we can use it even if the information loss seems extraordinary. I
propose "full-a!utomatic layered-quality machine translation", where
the user by default is presented with an overview of the information
("zoomed-out thumbview"), and if he wants to explore a detail,
ambiguities in the detail can by default be presented in a "fuzzified"
manner, and if he still wants to further explore the possibilities of
a low-level ambiguity, the computer can show him all possible exact
translations for that ambiguity. Also note that if an ambiguity exists
in a "significant ****tion" of the text, such as in the title, the
first paragraph, or the first sentence of any paragraph, that
ambiguity may be by default displayed as an expanded list of all
possible exact translations, instead of as a fuzzification. [More
details will be available in future versions of this article.] * As
ACS makes it so very cheap for people to acquire a foreign language,
there will be profound implications for world politics, economy,
culture and the whole human civilization. For the first time will all
humans be able to communicate in English (however I propose to rename
"English" as "A Random Code System", or Arcs/Arx, to reflect the truth
that all natural languages are based on root words whose sounds were
randomly designiated and to promote globalism and demote nationalism
here), and this can lead to a free and democratic world government (if
the other barrier, dictator****p countries, are gone by then). And
English will not be the ultimate "world language" really, because once
English is used by all the world's people, it will also mean English
is taken over from native English speakers to all the world, which in
turn means if a significant majority of the world's population
coordinates a movement that gradually transforms the English
vocabulary to something "more !fair for the rest of the world", they
will succeed. [More details will be available in future versions of
this article.]
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