http://www.boxturtlebulletin.com/Articles/000,002.pdf
Are Gays A Threat To Our Children?
A discussion of gay ***uality and homo***ual molestation
Jim Burroway
September 26, 2005; revised October 16, 2006.
A bombshell exploded on September 29, 2006, when Congressman Mark Foley
(R-Fla) abruptly resigned after ***ually explicit e-mails and Instant
Messages he exchanged with former pages were made public.1 Almost
immediately, gays and lesbians were confronted with the familiar charge
that
there is an inherent link between homo***uality and pedophilia:
We have a Republican man in Congress who sent e-mails to teenage boys
asking them what they were wearing, and an entire party, the Democrats,
whose primary constituency, besides the teachers' unions, is homo***ual
men
and lesbian women. I hope it won't come as a surprise to anyone that a big
part of male homo***ual behavior is interest in young boys. — Ben Stein,
American Spectator 2
Where does post-modern American ethics place Mark Foley's homo***uality
on
a scale of 1 to 10 – a 1 being just another gay guy and a 10 being a
compulsive, predatory *** offender? — Daniel Henninger, Wall Street
Journal
3
While pro-homo***ual activists like to claim that pedophilia is a
completely distinct orientation from homo***uality, evidence shows a
dispro****tionate overlap between the two. Although almost all child
molesters are male and less than 3% of men are homo***ual, about a third
of
all child *** abuse cases involve men molesting boys. — Tony Perkins,
Family
Research Council4
While all of this was going on, Charles C. Roberts barricaded himself in
an
Amish schoolhouse in rural Pennsylvania, where he intended to ***ually
molest the young girls in the classroom. But before he could do it, he
started shooting. Ten girls were shot – five died – before he finally
turned
the gun on himself.5 This happened only a week after Duane Morrison burst
into a classroom at Platte Canyon High School in Bailey, Colorado. He took
several girls hostage and ***ually assaulted some before releasing four.
Two
were still in the classroom when a SWAT team shot its way in. Morrison
shot
one girl as she tried to run away and then killed himself.6
In neither case was the predator's hetero***ual orientation cited as an
explanation for his crime. Psychotherapist and author Joe Kort points out
that when men molest little girls, they're specifically called
"pedophiles"
or "***ual predators." But when men molest boys, they're simply called
"homo***uals," as though ***ual orientation were responsible for driving
these men to their crimes.7
Gays are often singled out for suspicion of molesting children in numbers
far out of pro****tion to their presence in the general population. In
making
this case, the arguments made by gay-rights opponents typically go
something
like this:8
a.. Almost all *** crimes against children are committed by men.
b.. Up to one-third of all *** crimes against children are committed
against boys.
c.. Gays make up a tiny minority of the population. (Anti-gay opponents
typically cite a figure somewhere between 1% and 3%.)
d.. Therefore, gay men are committing a dispro****tionate share of ***ual
crimes against children.
Child ***ual abuse has a profound impact on victims and their families.
Because we want to protect our children, we must ask: Are gays
dispro****tionately abusing children?
The Starting Point: What Do We Know About Molesters And Their Victims?
When it comes to statistics, we know surprisingly little about child
***ual
abuse. Official statistics are notoriously incomplete because too many
cases
are never re****ted.
Many researchers believe that many male victims who are molested by men
may
not come forward because of the stigma surrounding homo***uality. These
victims often not only fear the false label of being gay, they may also
fear
harassment or condemnation because of it. Fortunately, our society has
recently shown an admirable steadfastness in sup****ting these victims when
they do come forward, and their example has, no doubt, emboldened other
victims to do the same. If anything remotely positive could come from the
tragedy of the clergy ***ual abuse scandals, it would be the lowering of
the
stigma of same-*** abuse allowing more victims to come forward.9
The picture is very different when adult women molest boys. Sociologists
and
caseworkers note that many boys who are ***ually involved with adult women
rarely complain because they don't feel they've been molested. In fact,
they're likely to brag about it to their friends, who in turn admire them
for being enough of a "man" to have *** with an older woman.10 In one
study
of adult men whose first ***ual encounter with an adult women occurred
before the age of sixteen, 88% called it a positive experience.11
Because there is very little incentive in our culture to view this as
harmful, such encounters rarely turn up in official statistics. Only now
is
there a slowly growing recognition that when older women exploit younger
boys, these boys can actually be seriously harmed by the experience.12
Experts agree that official statistics significantly understate the ***ual
activity between adults and minors. One national probability-sampled
survey
of 4,008 adult women who were raped in childhood found than less than 12%
of
these incidents were re****ted to police.13
With so many cases not being re****ted, we cannot know the true pro****tion
of
males versus female victims. Because official statistics are so
unreliable,
estimates are made from other sources. The best guesses – and these are
only
guesses based on a large number of surveys – generally go this way:
a.. As of July 2000, about 94% of all ***ual predators against juveniles
who were re****ted to police were male,14 although the pro****tion of female
predators being re****ted has risen sharply in recent years.15
b.. Using the best estimates from multiple sources, males appear to make
up somewhere between 15% and 30% of all child molestation victims, with
females making up the remaining cases.16
So, as far as we know, it appears to be true that almost all ***ual
predators are men. But notice however, that the "one-third" figure that
anti-gay activists cite for the ratio of male vs. female victims
represents
the very highest end of the estimated range – which, of course, makes the
problem of "homo***ual molestation" appear worse than the data actually
suggests.
How Many Homo***uals Are There?
We know that the pro****tion of self-described gay men in the general
population is very small — certainly much smaller than the one-sixth to
one-third of children abused children who are male victims of adult me.
Many
gay rights opponents place the pro****tion of self-described gay men quite
low, around 1-3%. But most large-population surveys sup****t something
higher
than 3%.17, 18 For the sake of this discussion, we'll accept 3%.
What does this mean? Well, let's say we've gathered 10,000 adults in a
stadium and asked them one simple yes-or-no question: "Are you gay?" If
our
3% figure is correct, only 300 people in that stadium will answer "yes,"
with the remaining 9,700 saying "no." This much is pretty obvious.
And for someone who answers "yes" to that question, what would we know
about
him or her? Again, most people would think this answer is pretty obvious
as
well. If he's a man, that means he dates other men, he is ***ually
attracted
to other men, and because he is comfortable enough to answer "yes" to a
stranger with a clipboard, he is probably known by his family, friends and
neighbors as being gay.
And you can draw the same conclusions for a woman who answers "yes" as
well:
she dates other women, is attracted to other women, and is confident
enough
to say so when asked. In other words, visibly "out" gay men and women are
typically the ones who answer "yes" to this question in surveys.
And how do we know that this three percent mostly represents those who are
"out"? Well, a recent online survey by Harris Interactive asked them
exactly
that. Those who identified themselves as gay re****ted that 92% are out to
their close friends, 78% are out to their parents, 68% are out to other
relatives, acquaintances and to casual friends, and 66% are out to
co-workers.19
What's more, many surveys show that this three percent does not include
everyone who is behaving homo***ually. Not only does this figure often
exclude bi***uals, it also excludes those who don't identify themselves as
gay for any number of reasons – even though they may admit to engaging in
same-*** ***ual contact.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 57% of men
who
had *** with another man did not consider themselves to be homo***ual or
bi***ual.20 A recent random survey of 4,193 men in New York City revealed
that while 91.3% claimed they were straight, 9.3% of those "straight"
respondents had *** only with other men in the previous year, while
another
0.8% re****ted having *** with both men and women.21 When the authors
included gays and bi***uals, they noted that among men who have *** with
men, 73% identified as straight. Another representative survey found that
more than 20% of all men have had a homo***ual experience.22
And remember – these figures are all based on what these men voluntarily
admit to doing. Who knows how many others refuse to acknowledge their
***ual
activity when asked for these surveys.
It's im****tant to keep in mind exactly who we're talking about when we're
discussing this three percent. A lot of people behave homo***ually without
being among the three percent who identify themselves as gay. In fact,
when
it comes to homo***ual behavior, this three percent is barely scratching
the
surface.
The Statistical Breakdown Breaks Down
With this data in hand, let's go back to the arguments made by anti-gay
activists.
a.. Almost all *** crimes against children are committed by men.
This appears to be true. According to re****ts to law enforcement, 92% of
child *** abusers are men, although re****ts of women predators have been
increasing in the past several years.
b.. Up to one-third of all *** crimes against children are committed
against boys.
This appears to be at the very highest rates of the estimates. A more
reasonable range appears to be between one-sixth and one-third. Experts
generally agree however that the true scope of the problem is barely
understood due to massive under-re****ting.
c.. Gays make up a tiny minority of the population (i.e., somewhere
between 1% and 3%).
This is a low-ball figure. The best estimates for out, self-identified
gay
men begin at about 3% and go up a little from there. But surveys which
account for homo***ual behavior regardless of identity range anywhere from
7% to 20%.
d.. Therefore, gay men are committing a dispro****tionate share of ***ual
crimes against children.
Due to the flaws in the highly-selected data that anti-gay activists
cite,
this conclusion simply cannot be sup****ted. What's more, there may even be
a
significant overlap between the range of men who behave homo***ually and
the
percentage of men who abuse boys.
Because of the great uncertainty surrounding these statistics – and the
logical fallacy surrounding the use of the three percent figure – there is
no basis for concluding that gays are responsible for a dispro****tionate
amount of child ***ual abuse. But because the data is so unreliable, we
also
can't prove that those who behave homo***ually are not abusing children
dispro****tionately, regardless of whether they claim to be gay or not.
That
means that if we really want to understand what's going on, we have to
look
much more closely at the predators themselves.
Are Gay Men Abusing Boys?
During the 1992 campaign for Colorado's Amendment 2 (which would have
barred
local anti-discrimination laws based on ***ual orientation), the group
sup****ting the amendment, Colorado For Family Values, repeated the charge
that 3% of the population was responsible for 30% of all child molestation
cases. But Denver-area doctors, caseworkers and investigators knew that
these charges didn't match their own experience.
Dr. Carole Jenny was the director of the Child Advocacy and Protection
Team
at Denver's Childrens Hospital, and she also directed medical programs at
the C. Henry Kempe National Center for the Prevention and Treatment of
Child
Abuse and Neglect. Dr. Jenny and her colleagues reviewed 269 medical
records
of Denver-area children who were ***ually abused by adults. Of 50 male
children, 37 (74%) were molested by men who had been in a hetero***ual
relation****p with the child's relative. Three were molested by women, five
were molested by both parents, and three others were molested by
non-relatives. Only one perpetrator could be identified as being possibly
homo***ual in his adult behavior.23
Let's consider what this means. If these men who abused boys in this study
were in our stadium, all but one would have answered "no" to the question
"Are you gay?" And not only did they say they were not gay, they were
married, had girlfriends, or were otherwise known to have ***ual
relation****ps with women. If law enforcement had been looking for the
perpetrators among gay men, they never would have found them. They would
have missed 49 of these 50 ***ual predators because they would have been
hidden among the 9,700 in our stadium who said they were not gay.
Dr. Jenny and her associates concluded that even if you use the worst case
possibilities in their sample, no more than 3.1% of child ***ual abuse
cases
re****ted to the Denver clinic were abused by someone who could be
identified
as possibly being gay, a pro****tion that closely matches the pro****tion of
openly gay men and women overall.
Two Types of Predators
As surprising as this may be, it only confirmed what Dr. Nicholas Groth
demonstrated many years earlier. Dr. Groth was a leading pioneer in the
field of child *** abuse, having treated more than 500 *** offenders by
1982.24 In 1978, he and Dr. Jean Birnbaum published a study of 175
convicted
male child molesters in which they found:
The child offender is a relatively young adult either who has been
***ually attracted to underage persons almost exclusively in his life or
who
turns to a child as a result of stresses in his adult ***ual or marital
relation****ps. Those offenders who are ***ually attracted exclusively to
children show a slight preference for boys over girls, yet these same
individuals are uninterested in adult homo***ual relation****ps. In fact,
they frequently express a strong ***ual aversion to adult males.25
Dr. Groth identified two classic types of child molesters that he labeled
fixated and regressed.26 The fixated molester is one whose development is
"fixated" at childhood. In other words, he has never grown up. He
typically
lives a Peter-Pan existence, in a Neverland of childlike identity and
behavior. He doesn't form adult relation****ps easily, or if he does, the
relation****ps tend not to be very stable. Instead, he sees children as his
peers. Other adults often see him as being "very good with children",
which
allows him to obtain a position of trust as a role model, leader, or
caretaker.
With his primary ***ual interest in children and not adults, the fixated
offender fits the classic definition of a "pedophile." And because he is
fixated on children, he cannot properly be considered to be either
hetero***ual or homo***ual — he often finds adults of either ***
repulsive.
On the other hand, the regressed molester is very different. His
attraction
to children is usually more tem****ary. Unlike the fixated molester, the
regressed molester's primary ***ual attraction is toward other adults. But
stressful conditions that go along with adult responsibly or difficulties
in
his adult relation****ps may overwhelm him, causing his ***ual focus to
"regress" towards children. This regression sometimes serves as a
substitute
for adult relation****p, and his attraction to children may vary according
to
the varying stresses he encounters in his adult life demands.
In some cases, he may tem****arily relate to the child as a peer, much as a
fixated offender relates to children. But more often, he is simply la****ng
out against the stresses in his life, and the child becomes a convenient
target. The offender may find a sense of power in his ***ual relation****p
with a child that he doesn't get with an adult. When that happens this
relation****p with the child is often violent. But regardless of the nature
of the relation****p, the gender of the child is often irrelevant — it's
the
easy access and vulnerability that makes the child a target.
Regressed offenders are typically hetero***ual in their adult
relation****ps.
Unlike our three percent sample, they date women and marry them. They
often
are parents, stepparents or extended family members of their victims. By
all
appearances — and by their own self-identification — they are straight.
Drs.
Groth and Birnbaum emphasized this point, saying:
In over 12 years of clinical experience working with child molesters, we
have yet to see any example of a regression from an adult homo***ual
orientation. The child offender who is also attracted to and engaged in
adult relation****ps is hetero***ual.27
While Drs. Groth and Birnbaum were emphatic on this point, there's no
reason
to believe that there's no such thing as someone who is engaged in
homo***ual adult relation****ps while also molesting children. Surely
they're
out there. I don't think any group of fallible human beings can claim
perfect innocence on this. But the experts generally agree: the phenomenon
is rare.
Are These "Straight" Abusers Lying?
You're probably shaking your head right about now. Why would a man who
claims to be straight molest young boys? How could he not be gay, even if
he
refuses to admit it?
This contradiction concerned Dr. Kurt Freund and his associates at the
Clarke Institute of Psychiatry in Toronto, where many convicted ***ual
predators were sent for treatment. Using an instrument connected to the
subject's *****, Dr. Freund and his colleagues measured changes in its
volume while the subject looked at pictures of **** men, women and
children.
These phallometric (*****-measuring) tests, while controversial for many
reasons,28 sup****ted the conclusion that as a group overall, gay men were
no
more likely to respond ***ually to male children than straight men.
Furthermore these tests sup****ted these *** offenders' statements when
they
claimed to be gay or straight:
These studies show that only rarely are *** offenders against male
children diagnosed as androphiles [homo***ual in adult orientation] and
that
phallometric diagnosis of gynophilic [hetero***ual in adult orientation]
and
androphilic volunteers almost always corresponds to their claimed *****c
preference.29
So, they are telling the truth — at least according to how they responded
physically to the **** pictures.30 When they say they are straight, they
respond to pictures of adult women, and when they say they are gay, they
respond ***ually to pictures of adult men. Yet Dr. Freund determined that
gays are less attracted to young boys than straights.
How Could "Straight" Men Be Attracted To Boys?
If these molesters aren't lying when they say they're straight, why would
they abuse boys? What could possibly be the attraction?
Dr. W.L. Marshall and his colleagues conducted a similar set of
phallometric
tests on a sample of gay and straight men, except this time they used more
photos of young boys and girls covering a wider age span. They noticed
that
for those gay men who were attracted to males under 18, they tended to be
attracted to young men who were well past the age of puberty (age 15 or
older), with fully-developed adult genitalia and other features that were
characteristically masculine. But when hetero***ual men showed an
attraction
towards younger males, they tended to be attracted to pre-pubescent males
(ages 9-11):
Amongst the hetero***uals, the commonest remarks concerning attractive
features of the victims, were that the young boys did not have any body
hair
and that their bodies were soft and smooth.31
This explains the apparent contradiction of straight men abusing young
boys.
They really are straight – they're responding to the feminine qualities of
pre-pubescent boys, qualities that gay men didn't find appealing. After
all,
gay men are, by definition, attracted to men; the feminine characteristics
of young boys were a turn-off to them.
"Homo***uality" and "Homo***ual Molestation"
Part of the confusion between homo***uality and the molestation of young
boys comes from the terminology used by researchers themselves. If an
adult
male molests a young boy, that type of molestation is typically called a
"homo***ual molestation". But when described this way, the term
"homo***ual"
is used as an adjective in its most literal sense — the victim and
perpetrator are of the same ***. It doesn't refer to the ***ual
orientation
of either the victim or the perpetrator.32
Unfortunately, researchers aren't always careful with how they use the
word
"homo***ual" in their academic writings. After all, they understand the
clinical meaning of the word according to context. "Homo***ual abuse"
merely
describes the same-*** nature of the abuser and victim, not the ***ual
orientation of either the abuser or victim. And they often use the
shorthand
"homo***uals" to describe the men who abuse boys. But when they go the
extra
step of determining the actual ***ual orientation of child molesters, they
tend to be more careful. Some, like Dr. Freund, prefer the clinical terms
"androphile" (attracted to men) and "gynophile" (attracted to women) to
describe those who are attracted to adults.
This point is crucial, one that many anti-gay activists are very hostile
towards. Peter LaBarbera, of Americans for Truth, exclaimed, "Who cares if
a
guy is married? If he's molesting boys, that's homo***ual behavior. It's
academic nonsense to talk about these people as hetero***uals."33
But it's not nonsense at all. If a man is married, he's not among the 3%
who
said they were gay in our stadium survey. He's not among the gay couples
who
are adopting children or seeking to marry. He's hidden among those who
claim
to be straight. If law enforcement were to focus their efforts on finding
***ual predators among the "out" 3% who claim to be gay, 97% of male
abusers
of young boys would go unpunished.34
A Firmly Established Tactic
Yet anti-gay activists insist on spreading this misinformation. Dr.
Timothy
Dailey (Ph.D., religion) of the Family Research Council quoted Dr.
Freund's
statement of "199 offenders against female children and 96 offenders
against
male children. This would indicate a pro****tional prevalence of 32 percent
of homo***ual offenders against children."35 But he ignored Dr. Freund's
clarification in the very same re****t that:
Androphiles [homo***uals in adult orientation] actually responded
significantly less to the male children.36
This echoes what Dr. Groth re****ted in 1982:
The research to date all points to there being no significant
relation****p
between a homo***ual lifestyle and child molestation. There appears to be
practically no re****tage of ***ual molestation of girls by lesbian adults,
and the adult male who ***ually molests young boys is not likely to be a
homo***ual.37
Of course, you don't see what the research really says in Dr. Dailey's
article. Instead, you'll find massive misrepresentations of the research —
including that of Dr. Groth, who denounced Dr. Dailey's misuse of his
work:
Since your re****t, in my view, misrepresents the facts of what we know
about this matter from scientific investigation, and does not indicate
that
my studies on this topic reach conclusions diametrically opposed to yours,
I
would appreciate your removing any reference to my work in your paper lest
it appear to the reader that my research sup****ts your views.38
Easier to Nauseate Than Educate
It doesn't matter how often the lie is repeated; it still remains false.
Dr.
Michael R. Stevenson conducted an exhaustive review of the literature in
2000, and concluded that "a gay man is no more likely than a straight man
to
perpetrate ***ual activity with children," and "cases of perpetration of
***ual behavior with a pre-pubescent child by an adult lesbian are
virtually
nonexistent".39 The research is so strong that the American Academy of
Child
and Adolescent Psychiatrists40 and the American Psychological
Association41
are on record saying that there is no relation****p between homo***uality
and
child ***ual abuse.
These anti-gay activists know that their claims are false. They've read
the
research from the most knowledgeable experts in the field — the same
research I reviewed here in this article. They must know that the
falsehoods
they are spreading contradict what the researchers themselves are saying.
But they keep spreading their accusations because they know how effective
they are. Every parent would consider it his or her worst nightmare to
discover that their innocent child has been ***ually violated. And
anti-gay
activists feed on that fear to further their agenda because, as Colorado
for
Family Values founder Tony Marco observed, "It is easier to nauseate than
it
is to educate."42
And while this lie is horribly libelous to gay men and women, that's only
a
small part of the problem. The real harm is to our children. As long as we
remain suspicious of the wrong people, predators will continue to have
free
reign to abuse innocent children. If they remain free from scrutiny
because
everyone else is focusing on gays and lesbians, more young lives will
continue to be shattered and more parents will suffer the agonizing
heartache of learning that they trusted someone who destroyed their
child's
future.
We must not allow those leaders who oppose equal rights for gays and
lesbians to cynically jeopardize our children's safety to further their
agenda. The consequences are far too severe for the next generation.
Notes:
1. Espo, David; Juhnhenn, Jim. "Foley resigns from Congress over E-mails"
Associated Press (September 29, 2006). [BACK]
2. Stein, Ben. "Hypocrisy, Democrat style." Web site, American Spectator
(October 2, 2006): http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10434.
[BACK]
3. Henninger, Daniel. "Without Restraint." Wall Street Journal (October 6,
2006): Available online at
http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/dhenninger/?id=110009050.
[BACK]
4. Perkins, Tony. "Pro-homo***ual political correctness sowed seeds for
Foley scandal." Web site, Wa****ngton Update. (Family Research Council;
October 2, 2006): http://www.frc.org/get.cfm?i=WU06J01.
[BACK]
5. Jones, Tamara; Partlow, Joshua. "Death toll in attack at Amish school
rises to 5." Wa****ngton Post (October 4, 2006): A1. [BACK]
6. Tsai, Catherine. "Colo. school attack '***ual in nature.'" Associated
Press (September 28, 2006). [BACK]
7. Kort, Joe. "Homo***uality and pedophilia: The false link". Kort's
Corner
no. 38 (2005). http://www.joekort.com/articles50.htm
(accessed September
21,
2005). [BACK]
8. For example, see the following:
Cameron, Paul. Brochure: "Child molestation and homo***uality." (Family
Research Institute: 1999). Available online at
http://www.familyresearchinst.org/Default.aspx?tabid=71.
Dailey, Timothy J. "Homo***uality and child ***ual abuse." Insight (Family
Research Council: May 23, 2002). Available online at
http://www.frc.org/get.cfm?i=IS02E3.
Traditional Values Coalition. Pamphlet: "Exposed: Homo***ual Child
molesters." (Undated). Available online at
http://www.traditionalvalues.org/pdf_files/Homo***ualChildMolestersUrban.pdf.
[BACK]
9. Finkelhor, David. "Commentary: The legacy of the clergy abuse scandal."
Child Abuse & Neglect 27 (2003): 1225-1229. [BACK]
10. Holmes, William C.; Slap, Gail B. "***ual abuse of boys: Definition,
prevalence, correlates, sequelae, and management." Journal of the American
Medical Association 280, no. 21 (Dec. 2, 1998): 1855-1862. Abstract
available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9846781.
[BACK]
11. Okami, Paul. "Self-re****ts of 'positive' childhood and adolescent
***ual
contacts with older persons: An exploratory study." Archives of ***ual
Behavior 20, no. 5 (October, 1991): 437-457. Abstract available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1747040.
[BACK]
12. Koch, Wendy. "More women charged in *** cases: Double standard over
molestation charges, arrests could be fading." USA Today (November 30,
2005): 3A. Available online at
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-11-29-women-***-crimes_x.htm.
[BACK]
13. Hanson, Rochelle F.; Resnick, Heidi S.; Saunders, Benjamin E.;
Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Best, Connie. "Factors related to the re****ting of
childhood rape." Child Abuse and Neglect 23, no. 6 (June 1999): 559-569.
Abstract available online at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00028-9.
[BACK]
14. Snyder, Howard N. ***ual Assault of Young Children As Re****ted To Law
Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender Characteristics (Wa****ngton,
DC:
US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ-182990, July,
2000). Available online at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf
(PDF: 129 KB/17 pages). [BACK]
15. Shakeshaft, Charol. Educator ***ual misconduct: A synthesis of
existing
literature (Wa****ngton, DC: US Department of Education, June, 2004).
Available online at
http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/misconductreview/re****t.pdf
(PDF:
1,141KB/156 pages). [BACK]
16. Finkelhor, David. "Current information on the scope and nature of
child
***ual abuse." The Future of Children: ***ual Abuse of Children 4, no. 2
(Summer 1994): 31-53. Abstract available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7804768.
[BACK]
17. Smith, Tom W. American ***ual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic
Differences, and Risk Behavior. (April 2003) Chicago: National Opinion
Research Center; shows that in 2002, 3.3% of men and 2.6% of women
participated in exclusively same-gender ***ual activity in the preceding
twelve months. The survey notes that these percentages fluctuate depending
the length of time in which the same-gendered ***ual activity occurs, (12
months vs. 5 years) and the age of the respondents. For example, 5.1% of
all
men aged 30-39 participated in same-gendered ***ual activity in the past
five years, and 3.7% of all women aged 30-39 participated in same-gendered
***ual activity in the past five years. This survey also reviewed numerous
other surveys between 1970 and 1997 that indicated percentages of adult
Americans with same-gendered ***ual partners or identifying with
homo***ual/bi***ual orientation ranging from 1.6% to 6.5%, depending on
the
definitions and methodologies used. [BACK]
18. Mosher, William D.; Chandra, Anjani D.; Jones, Jo. "***ual behavior
and
selected health measure: Men and women 15-44 years of age, United States,
2002" Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics; No 362 (Hyattsville,
Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics, September 15, 2005).
Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad362.pdf
(PDF:
1,248KB/36 pages). Of men aged 18-44, 90% identified as hetero***ual, 2.3%
homo***ual, 1.8% bi***ual, 3.9% "something else", and 1.8% did not answer.
Of women aged 18-44, 90% identified as hetero***ual, 1.3% homo***ual, 2.8%
bi***ual, 3.8% "something else", and 1.8% did not answer. Unknown numbers
those who answered "something else" may have objected to the term
"homo***ual", preferring "gay" or "lesbian", as many gays and lesbians
find
the term "homo***ual" offensive. See page 3. [BACK]
19. Harris Interactive. Press release: "Seven out of ten hetero***uals
today
know someone gay." PR Newswire (October 11, 2006). Available online at
http://sev.prnewswire.com/computer-electronics/20061010/NYTU15810102006-1.html.
[BACK]
20. Mosher, William D.; Chandra, Anjani D.; Jones, Jo. "***ual behavior
and
selected health measure: Men and women 15-44 years of age, United States,
2002" Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics; No 362 (Hyattsville,
Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics, September 15, 2005): 30.
Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad362.pdf
(PDF:
1,248KB/36 pages). [BACK]
21. Pathela, Preeti; Hajat, Anjum; Scjillinger, Julia; Blank, Susan; Sell,
Randall; Mostashari, Farzad. "Discordance between ***ual behavior and
self-re****ted ***ual identity: A population-based survey of New York City
men." Annals of Internal Medicine 145, no. 6 (September 19, 2006):
416-425.
Full text available online at
http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/145/6/416.
[BACK]
22. Seidman, Stuart H.; Reider, Ronald O. "A review of ***ual behavior in
the United States" American Journal of Psychiatry 151, No. 3 (Mar 1994):
330-339. Abstract available online at
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/151/3/330.
[BACK]
23. Jenny, Carole; Roesler, Thomas A.; Poyer, Kimberly L. "Are children at
risk for ***ual abuse by homo***uals?" Pediatrics 94, no. 1 (1994): 41-44.
Abstract available online at
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/94/1/41.
[BACK]
24. Groth, A. Nicholas; Hobson, William F.; Gary, Thomas S. "The child
molester: clinical observations." In Social Work and Child ***ual Abuse.
Edited by Jon R. Conte and David A. Shore. (New York: Haworth Press.
1982):
129-144. [BACK]
25. Groth, A. Nicholas; Birnbaum, H Jean. "Adult ***ual orientation and
attraction to underage persons." Archives of ***ual Behavior 7 no. 3
(1978):
175-181. Abstract available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=666571.
[BACK]
26. Groth, A. Nicholas; Hobson, William F.; Gary, Thomas S. "The child
molester: clinical observations." In Social Work and Child ***ual Abuse.
Edited by Jon R. Conte and David A. Shore. (New York: Haworth Press.
1982):
129-144. [BACK]
27. Groth, A. Nicholas; Birnbaum, H. Jean. "Adult ***ual orientation and
attraction to underage persons." Archives of ***ual Behavior 7, no. 3
(1978): 175-181. Abstract available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=666571.
Emphasis in the original. [BACK]
28. There is considerable controversy surrounding the use of phallometric
devices (otherwise known as plethysmography). Much of the controversy
stems
from why these devices were developed and how they were first used.
One of the early developers of plethysmography, Dr. Kurt Freund, began his
work in Czechoslovakia in the 1950's, where these methods were used to
prosecute homo***uals in civil society and to weed out homo***uals in the
military. What's more, phallometic measurements were later used to
determine
whether homo***ual men were cured of their "affliction," often following
some of the barbaric treatments which were common at the time. Some of
these
treatments involve injecting the "patient" with apomorphine, which causes
extreme nausea, wretching and vomiting, and the use of electric shock.
This
inauspicious history has cast an exceptionally dark shadow on the ethics
of
plethysmography from the very start.
Complaints about the use of plethysmography intensified when Dr. Freund
continued his work at the Clarke Institute in Toronto, where transgender
***-reassignment surgery candidates were referred for psychiatric
evaluation
and subjected to ***ual orientation evaluation. This occurred despite the
fact that transgender experience has little to do with ***ual orientation
or
attraction. These experiments were seen as an outrageous invasion of their
privacy. And since the Clarke Institute was the primary treatment center
for
***ual offenders, this was seen as the most personally invasive part of a
very humiliating process.
Bancroft, John. "The application of psychophysiological measures to the
assessment and modification of ***ual behaviour." Behaviour Research and
Therapy 9 (1971): 119-130.
Freund, Kurt; Diamant, J.; Pinkava, V. "On the validity and reliability of
the phaloplethysmographic diagnosis of some ***ual deviations" Review of
Czech Medicine 7 (1958): 145-151.
Freund, Kurt. "Laboratory differential diagnosis of homo- and
hetero***uality: An experiment with faking" Review of Czech Medicine 7
(1961): 20-31.
Freund, Kurt. "A Laboratory method for diagnosing predominance of homo- or
hetero- *****c interest in the male" Behaviour Research and Therapy 1, no.
1
(1963): 85-93.
McConaghy, Nathaniel. "Subjective and penile plethysmograph responses
following aversion-relief and apomorphine aversion therapy for homo***ual
impulses." British Journal of Psychiatry 115, no. 523 (June 1969):
723-730.
[BACK]
29. Freund, Kurt; Watson, Robin J.; Rienzo, Douglas. "Hetero***uality,
homo***uality, and the *****c age preference." Journal of *** Research 26,
no. 1 (1989): 107-117. [BACK]
30. There has been considerable discussion concerning the validity of
plethysmography. Like polygraphs, plethysmography results are not
admissible
in a court of law. There are no standards for measuring ***ual attraction,
and individuals respond very differently from one another. For this
reason,
phallometric tests are not universally accepted as diagnostic tools — they
cannot prove that a given individual is gay, straight, or attracted to
children. But they are useful in assessing how large groups of people
respond generally to different situations, which is what we are discussing
here.
One point of contention centers on whether test subjects can fake their
physical responses to ***ual stimuli. Most researchers who have looked
into
this have noted that while some test subjects can suppress their response
to
***ual stimuli (by not paying attention or ignoring the photos and spoken
descriptions, for example), it was rare for a gay subject to be able to
consciously fake an arousal in the presence of hetero***ual stimulation or
vice versa. More information can be found in the following sources:
Adams, Henry E.; Motsinger, Patrice; McAnulty, Richard D.; Moore, Aubrey
L.
"Voluntary control of penile tumescence among homo***ual and hetero***ual
subjects." Archives of ***ual Behavior 21, no. 1 (February 1992): 17-31.
Abstract available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1546933
Mahoney, John M.; Strassberg, Donald S. "Voluntary control of male ***ual
arousal." Archives of ***ual Behavior 21, no. 1 (Feb, 1991): 1-16.
Abstract
available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2003767.
McAnulty, Richard D.; Adams, Henry E. "Validity and ethics of penile
circumference measures of ***ual arousal: a reply to McConaghy." Archives
of
***ual Behavior 21, no. 2 (April 1992): 187-195. Abstract available online
at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1580788.
[BACK]
31. Marshal, W.L.; Barbaree, H.E.; Butt, Jennifer. "***ual offenders
against
male children: ***ual preferences." Behaviour Research and Therapy 26, no.
5
(1988): 383-391. [BACK]
32. Newton, David E. "Homo***uals behavior and child molestation: A review
of the evidence." Adolescence 13, no. 49 (Spring, 1978): 29-43. Abstract
available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=665354.
[BACK]
33. Walker, Ken. "Homo***uals more likely to molest kids, study re****ts."
Baptist Press News, (May 30, 2001)
http://sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?ID=11002
(accessed July 29, 2005).
[BACK]
34. Jenny, Carole; Roesler, Thomas A.; Poyer, Kimberly L. "Are children at
risk for ***ual abuse by homo***uals?" Pediatrics 94, no. 1 (1994): 41-44.
Abstract available online at
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/94/1/41.
[BACK]
35. Dailey, Timothy J. "Homo***uality and child ***ual abuse." Insight
(Family Research Council: May 23, 2002). Available online at
http://www.frc.org/get.cfm?i=IS02E3
. [BACK]
36. Freund, Kurt; Heasman, Gerald; Racansky, I.G.; Glancy, Graham.
"Pedophilia and hetero***uality vs. homo***uality." Journal of *** and
Marital Therapy 10, no. 3 (1984): 193-200. Abstract available online at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6512871.
[BACK]
37. Groth, A. Nicholas; Gary, T.S. "Hetero***uality, homo***uality and
pedophilia: ***ual offenses against children and adult ***ual
orientation."
In Male Rape: A Casebook of ***ual Aggressions, edited by A.M. Scacco (New
York: AMS Press, 1982): 132-152. [BACK]
38. Groth, A. Nochilas. Letter to Timothy J. Dailey, Ph. D., Family
Research
Council. June 10, 2002. Included in the Human Rights Campaign's press
release dated June 14, 2002,
http://www.hrc.org/Content/ContentGroups/News_Releases/20021/Researcher_Cited_in_Anti-Gay_Re****t_Criticizes_the_Study_as_Biased_and_Misleading.htm.
While Dr. Groth's study has been removed from the footnotes, it was still
referenced indirectly in Dailey's article as of March 28, 2005. [BACK]
39. Stevenson, Michael R. "Public policy, homo***uality, and the ***ual
coercion of children." Journal of Psychology & Human ***uality 12, no. 4
(2000): 1-19. [BACK]
40. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Policy statement:
***ual Orientation and Civil Rights (October 1992). Available online at
http://www.aacap.org/page.ww?section=Policy+Statements&name=***ual+Orientation+and+Civil+Rights.
According to the policy statement, the AACAP "finds that there is no
evidence that lesbians and gay men, per se, represent any threat to the
development of child or adolescents." [BACK]
41. American Psychological Association. Resolution on ***ual Orientation,
Parents and Children. (July 2004) Available online at
http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/policy/parentschildren.pdf
(PDF: 105KB/3
pages).
According to the policy statement, the APA states that "fears about
children
of lesbian or gay parents being ***ually abused by adults, ostracized by
peers or isolated in single-*** lesbian or gay communities have received
no
scientific sup****t." [BACK]
42. Citizens Project. "CFV holds 'Community Watch' seminars." Freedom
Watch
(April-May, 1993).
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